Art Conceptuel

The fact that it has recently become fashionable for physicists themselves to be sympathetic towards religion . .. marks the physicists' own lack of confidence in the validity of their hypotheses, which is a reaction on their part from the anti-religious dogmatism of nineteenth·century scientists, and a natural outcome 0/ the crisis through which physics bas just passed.- A. J. Ayer 

... once one bas understood the Tractatus there will he no temptation to concern oneself any more with philosophy, which is neither empirical like science nor tautological like mathematics; one will, like Wittgenstein in 1918, abandon philosophy, which, as traditionally understood, is rooted in confusion.- J. O. Urmson.

Traditional philosophy, almost by definition, has concerned itself with the unsaid. The nearly exclusive focus on the said by twentieth-century analytical linguistic philosophers is the shared contention that the unsaid is unsaid because it is unsayable. Hegelian philosophy made sense in the nineteeenth century and must have been soothing to a century that was barely getting over Hume, the Enlightenment, and Kant.1 

Hegel's philosophy was also capable of giving cover for a defence of religious beliefs, supplying an alternative to Newtonian mechanics, and fitting in with the growth of history as a discipline, as well as accepting Darwinian Biology.2

He appeared to give an acceptable resolution to the conflict between theology and science, as well. 

The result of Hegel's influence has been that a great majority of contemporary philosophers are really little more than historians of philosophy, Librarians of the Truth, so to speak. One begins to get the impression that there 'is nothing more to be said'. And certainly if one realizes the implications of Wittgenstein's thinking, and the thinking influenced by him and after him, 'Continental' philosophy need not seriously be considered here.3

Is there a reason for the 'unreality' of philosophy in our time ? Perhaps this can be answered by looking into the difference between our time and the centuries preceding us.

In the past man's conclusions about the world were based on the information he had about it- if not specifically like the Empiricists, then generally like the Rationalists. Often, in fact, the closeness between science and philosophy was so great that scientists and philosophers were one and the same person. In fact, from the times of Thales, Epicurus, Heraclitus, and Aristotle to Descartes and Leibniz, 'the great names in philosophy were often great names in science as well'.4

That the world as perceived by twentieth-century science is a vastly more different one than the one of its preceding century need not be proved here. Is it possible, then, that in effect man has learned so much, and his 'intelligence' is such, that he cannot believe the reasoning of traditional philosophy? That perhaps he knows too much about the world to make those kinds of conclusions? As Sir James Jeans has stated: '... When philosophy has availed itself of the results of science, it has not been by borrowing the abstract mathematical description of the pattern of events, but by borrowing the then current pictorial description of this pattern; thus it has not appropriated certain knowledge but conjectures. These conjectures were often good enough for the man-sized world, but not, as we now know, for those ultimate processes of nature which control the happenings of the man-sized world, and brings us nearest to the true nature of reality.'5

He continues: 'One consequence of this is that the standard philosophical discussions of many problems, such as those of causality and freewill or of materialism or mentalism, arc based on an interpretation of the pattern of events which is no longer tenable. The scientific basis of these older discussions has been washed away, and with their disappearance have gone all the arguments ... 6 

The twentieth century brought in a time which could be called 'the end of philosophy and the beginning of art'. I do not mean that, of course, strictly speaking, but rather as the 'tendency' of the situation. Certainly linguistic philosophy can be considered the heir to empiricism, but it's a philosophy in one gear.7

And there is certainly an 'art condition' to art preceding Duchamp, but its other functions or reasons-to-be are so pronounced that its ability to function clearly as art limits its art condition. so drastically that it's only minimally art.8

In no mechanistic sense it there a connection between philosophy's 'ending' and art's 'beginning', but I don't find this occurrence entirely coincidental. Though the same reasons may be responsible for both occurrences the connection is made by me. I bring this all up to analyse art's function and subsequently its viability. And I do so to enable others to understand the reasoning of my-and, by extension, other artists'-art, as well as to provide a dearer understanding of the term 'Conceptual art'.9
 

The Function of Art  
'The main qualifications to the lesser position of painting is that advances in art are certainly not always formal ones.'-Donald Judd (1963)
'Half or more of the best new work in the last few years has been neither painting nor sculpture.'-Donald Judd (1965).
'Everything sculpture has, my work doesn't.'-Donald Judd (1967)
'The idea becomes a machine that makes the art.'-Sol LeWitt (1965)
'The one thing to say about art is that it is one thing. Art is art-as-art and everything else is everything else. Art as art is nothing but art. Art is not what is not art.'-Ad Reinhardt (1963) 
 
'The meaning is the use.'-Wittgenstein 
'A more functional approach to the study of concepts has tended to replace the method of introspection. Instead of attempting to grasp or describe concepts bare, so to speak, the psychologist investigates the way in which they function as ingredients in beliefs and in judgements.'-Irvjng M. Copi 
'Meaning is always a presupposition of function.'-T. Segerstedt 

'... the subject-matter of conceptual investigations is the meaning of certain words and expressions-and not the things and states of affairs themselves about which we talk, when using those words and expressions.'-G. H. Von Wright

'Thinking is radically metaphoric. Linkage by analogy is its constituent law or principle, its causal nexus, since meaning only arises through the causal contexts by which a sign stands for (takes the place of) an instance of a sort. To think of anything is to take it as of a sort (as a such and such) and that "as" brings in (openly or in disguise) the analogy, the parallel, the metaphoric grapple or ground or grasp or draw by which alone the mind takes hold. It takes no hold if there is nothing for it to haul from, for its thinking is the haul, the attraction of likes.'-I. A. Richards.

In this section I will discuss the separation between aesthetics and art; consider briefly Formalist art (because it is a leading proponent of the idea of aesthetics as art), and assert that art is analogous to an analytic proposition, and that it is art's existence as a tautology which enables art to remain 'aloof' from philosophical presumptions.

It is necessary to separate aesthetics from art because aesthetics deals with opinions on perception of the world in general. Tn the past one of the two prongs of art's function was its value as decoration. So any branch of philosophy which dealt with 'beauty' and thus, taste, was inevitably duty bound to discuss art as well. Out of this 'habit' grew the notion that there was a conceptual connection between art and aesthetics, which is not true. This idea never drastically conflicted with artistic considerations before recent times, not only because the morphological characteristics of an perpetuated the continuity of this error, but as well, because the apparent other 'functions' of art (depiction of religious themes, portraiture of aristocrats, detailing of architecture, etc.) used art to cover up art. 

When objects are presented within the context of art (and until recently objects always have been used) they are as eligible for aesthetic consideration as are any objects in the world, and an aesthetic consideration of an object existing in the realm of art means that the object's existence or functioning in an art context is irrelevant to the aesthetic judgement. 

The relation of aesthetics to art is not unlike that of aesthetics to architecture, in that architecture has a very specific Junction and how 'good' its design is is primarily related to how well it performs its function. Thus, judgements on what it looks like correspond to taste, and we can see that throughout history different examples of architecture are praised at different times depending on the aesthetics of particular epochs. Aesthetic thinking has even gone so far as to make examples of architecture not related to 'art' at all, works of art in themselves (e.g. the pyramids of Egypt). 

Aesthetic considerations are indeed always extraneous to an object's function or 'reason to be'. Unless of course, that object's 'reason to be' is strictly aesthetic. An example of a purely aesthetic object is a decorative object, for decoration's primary function is 'to add something to, so as to make more attractive; adorn; ornament',10 and this relates directly to taste. And this leads us directly to 'Formalist' art and criticism.11

Formalist art (painting and sculpture) is the vanguard of decoration, and, strictly speaking, one could reasonably assert that its art condition is so minimal that for all functional purposes it is not art at all, but pure exercises in aesthetics. Above all things Clement Greenberg is the critic of taste. Behind everyone of his decisions is an aesthetic judgement, with those judgements reflecting his taste. And what does his taste reflect? The period he grew up in as a critic, the period 'real' for him: the fifties.12 

How else can one account for, given his theories-if they have any logic to them at all-his disinterest in Frank Stella, Ad Reinhardt, and others applicable to his historical scheme? Is it because he is " ... basically unsympathetic on personally experiential grounds'.13 Or, in other words, their work doesn't suit his taste? 

But in the philosophic tabula rasa of art, 'if someone calls it art', as Don Judd has said, 'it's art'. Given this, formalist painting and sculpture can be granted an 'art condition', but only by virtue of its presentation in terms of its art idea (e.g. a rectangularly-shaped canvas stretched over wooden supports and stained with such and such colours, using such and such forms, giving such and such a visual experience, etc.). If one looks at contemporary art in this light one realizes the minimal creative effort taken on the part of formalist artists specifically, and all painters and sculptors (work- ing as such today) generally. 

This brings us to the realization that formalist art and criticism accepts as a definition of art one which exists solely on morphological grounds. While a vast quantity of similarly looking objects or images (or visually related objects or images) may seem to be related (or connected) because of a similarity of visual/experiential 'readings', one cannot claim from this an artistic or conceptual relationship. 

It is obvious then that formalist criticism's reliance on morphology leads necessarily with a bias toward the morphology of traditional art. And in this sense their criticism is not related to a 'scientific method' or any sort of empiricism (as Michael Fried, with his detailed descriptions of paintings and other 'scholarly' paraphernalia would want us to believe). Formalist criticism is no more than an analysis of the physical attributes of particular objects which happen to exist in a morphological context. But this doesn't add any knowledge (or facts) to our understanding of the nature of function of art. And nor does it comment on whether or not the objects analysed arc even works of art, in that formalist critics always by-pass the conceptual element in works of art. Exactly why they don't comment on the conceptual element in works of art is precisely because formalist art is only an by virtue of its resemblance to earlier works of art. It's a mindless art. Or, as Lucy R. Lippard so succinctly described Jules Olitski's paintings: 'they're visual Muzac ... 14

Formalist critics and artists alike do not question the nature of art, but as I have said elsewhere: 'Being an artist now means to question the nature of art. If one is questioning the nature of painting, one cannot be questioning the nature of art. If an artist accepts painting (or sculpture) he is accepting the tradition that goes with it. That's because the word art is general and the word painting is specific. Painting is a kind of art. If you make paintings you are already accepting (not questioning) the nature of art. One is then accepting the nature of art to be the European tradition of a painting-sculpture dichotomy.'15

The strongest objection one can raise against a morphological justification for traditional art is that morphological notions of art embody an implied a priori concept of art's possibilities. And such an a priori concept of the nature of art (as separate from analytically framed art propositions or 'work' which I will discuss later) make it, indeed, a priori: impossible to question the nature of art. And this questioning of the nature of art is a very important concept in understanding the function of art.

The function of art, as a question, was first raised by Marcel Duchamp. In fact it is Marcel Duchamp whom we can credit with giving art its own identity. (One can certainly see a tendency toward this self-identification of art beginning with Manet and Cézanne through to Cubism, 16 but their works are timid and ambiguous by comparison with Duchamp's). 'Modern' art and the work before seemed connected by virtue of their morphology. Another way of putting it would be that art's 'language' remained the same but it was saying new things. The event that made conceivable the realization that it was possible to 'speak another language' and still make sense in art was Marcel Duchamp's first unassisted Readymade. With the unassisted Readymade, art changed its focus from the form of the language to what was being said. Which means that it changed the nature of art from a question of morphology to a question of function. This change-one from 'appearance' to 'conception' was the beginning of 'modern' art and the beginning of 'conceptual' art. All art (after Duchamp) is conceptual (in nature) because art only exists conceptually. 

The 'value' of particular artists after Duchamp can be weighed according to how much they questioned the nature of art; which is another way of saying 'what they added to the conception of art' or what wasn't there before they started. Artists question the nature of art by presenting new propositions as to art's nature. And to do this one cannot concern oneself with the handed-down 'language' of traditional art, as this activity is based on the assumption that there is only one way of framing art propositions. But the very stuff of art is indeed greatly related to 'creating' new propositons. 
 
The case is often made-particularly in reference to Duchamp-that objects of art (such as the readymades, of course, but all art is implied in this) are judged as objets d'art in later years and the artists' intentions become irrelevant. Such an argument is the case of a preconceived notion ordering together not necessarily related facts. The point is this: aesthetics, as we have pointed out, are conceptually irrelevant to art. Thus, any physical thing can become objet d'art, that is to say, can be considered tasteful, aesthetically pleasing, etc. But this has no bearing on the object's application to an art context; that is, its functioning in an art context. (E.g. if a collector takes'a painting, attaches legs, and uses it as a dining-table it's an act unrelated to art or the artist because, as art, that wasn't the artist's intention.) 

And what holds true for Duchamp's work applies as well to most of the art after him. In other words, the value of Cubism-for instance- is its idea in the realm of art, not the physical or visual qualities seen in a specific painting, or the particularization of certain colours or shapes. For these colours and shapes are the art's 'language', not its meaning conceptually as art. To look upon a Cubist 'masterwork' now as art is nonsensical, conceptually speaking, as far as art is concerned. (That visual information which was unique in Cubism's language has now been generally absorbed and has a lot to do with the way in which one deals with painting 'linguistically'. [E.g. what a Cubist painting meant experientially and conceptually to, say, Gertrude Stein, is beyond our speculation because the same painting then 'meant' something different than it does now.}

The 'value' now of an original Cubist painting is not unlike, in most respects, an original manuscript by Lord Byron, or The Spirit of St. Louis as it is seen in the Smithsonian Institute. Indeed, museums fill the very same function as the Smithsonian Institute- why else would the jeu de Paume of the Louvre exhibit Cézanne's and Van Gogh's palettes as proudly as they do their paintings?) Actual works of art are little more than historical curiosities. As far as art is concerned Van Gogh's paintings aren't worth any more than his palette is. They are both 'collector's items'17 

Art 'Jives' through influencing other art, not by existing as the physical residue of an artist's ideas. The reason why different artists from the past are 'brought alive' again is because some aspect of their work becomes 'useable' by living artists. That there is no 'truth' as to what art is seems quite unrealized. 

What is the function of art, or the nature of art? If we continue our analogy of the forms art takes as being art's language one can realize then that a work of art is a kind of proposition presented within the context of an as a comment on art. We can then go further and analyse the types of 'propositions'. 

 
A. J. Ayer's evaluation of Kant's distinction between analytic and synthetic is useful to us here: 'A proposition is analytic when its validity depends solely on the definitions of the symbols it contains, and synthetic when its validity is determined by the facts of experience.' 18

The analogy I will attempt to make is one between the art condition and the condition of the analytic proposition. In that they don't appear to be believable as anything else, or be about anything (other than art) the forms of art most clearly finally referable only to art have been forms closest to analytical propositions. 

Works of art are analytic propositions. That is, if viewed within their context-as art-they provide no information what so ever about any matter of fact. A work of art is a tautology in that it is a presentation of the artist's intention, that is, he is saying that that particular work of art is art, which means, is a definition of art. Thus, that it is art is true a priori (which is what Judd means when he states that 'if someone calls it art, it's art'.) 

 
Indeed, it is nearly impossible to discuss art in general terms without talking in tautologies-for to attempt to 'grasp' art by any other 'handle' is to merely focus on another aspect or quality of the proposition which is usually irrelevant to the art work's 'art condition'. One begins to realize that art's 'art condition' is a conceptual  state. 

That the language forms which the artist frames his propositions in are often 'private' codes or languages is an inevitable outcome of art's freedom from morphological constrictions; and it follows from this that one has to be familiar with contemporary art to appreciate it and understand it. 

Likewise one understands why the 'man on the street' is intolerant to artistic art and always demands art in a traditional 'language'. (And one understands why formalist art sells 'like hot cakes'.) Only in painting and sculpture did the artists all speak the same language. What is called 'Novelty Art' by the Formalists is often the attempt to find new languages, although a new language doesn't necessarily mean the framing of new propositions: e.g. most kinetic and electronic art. 
 
Another way of stating in relation to art what Ayer asserted about the analytic method in the context of language would be the following: The validity of artistic propositions is not dependent on any empirical, much less any aesthetic, presupposition about the nature of things. For the artist, as an analyst, is nOt directly concerned with the physical properties of things. He is concerned only with the way (I) in which art is capable of conceptual growth and (2) how his propositions are capable of logically following that growth.19 

In other words, the propositions of art are not factual, but linguistic in character-that is, they do not describe the behaviour of physical, or even mental objects; they express definitions of art, or the formal consequences of definitions of art. Accordingly, we can say that art operates on a logic. For we shall see that the characteristic mark of a purely logical enquiry is that it is concerned with the formal consequences of our definitions (of art) and not with questions of empirical fact.20 

To repeat, what art has in common with logic and mathematics is that it is a tautology; i.e., the 'art idea' (or 'work') and art arc the same and can be appreciated as art without going outside the context of art for verification. 

On the other hand, let us consider why art cannot be (or has difficulty when it attempts to be) a synthetic proposition. Or, that is to say, when the truth or falsity of its assertion is verifiable on empirical grounds. Ayer states: ' . . . The criterion by which we determine the validity of an a priori or analytical proposition is not sufficient to determine the validity of an empirical or synthetic proposition. For it is characteristic of empirical propositions that their validity is not purely formal. To say that a geometrical proposition, or a system of geometrical propositions, is false, is to say that it is self-contradictory. But an empirical proposition, or a system of empirical propositions, may be free from contradiction, and still be false. It is said to be false, not because it is formally defective, but because it fails to satisfy some material criterion.'21

The unreality of 'realistic' art is due to its framing as an art proposition in synthetic terms: one is always tempted to 'verify' the proposition empirically. Realism's synthetic state does not bring one to a circular swing back into a dialogue with the larger framework of questions about the nature of art (as does the work of Malevich, Mondrian, Pollock, Reinhardt, early Rauschenberg, Johns, Lichtenstein, Warhol, Andre, Judd, Flavin, LeWitt, Morris, and others), but rather, one is flung out of art's 'orbit' into the 'infinite space' of the human condition. 

Pure Expressionism, continuing with Ayer's terms, could be considered as such: 'A sentence which consisted of demonstrative symbols would not express a genuine proposition. It would be a mere ejaculation, in no way characterizing that to which it was supposed to refer.' 

Expressionist works are usually such 'ejaculations' presented in the morphological language of traditional art. If Pollock is important it is because he painted on loose canvas horizontally to the floor. What isn't important is that he later put those drippings over stretchers and hung them parallel to the wall. (In other words what is important in art is what one brings to it, not one's adoption of what was previously existing.) What is even less important to art is Pollock's notions of 'self- expression' because those kinds of subjective meanings are useless to anyone other than those involved with him personally. And their 'specific' quality puts them outside of art's context. 

'I do not make art', Richard Serra says, 'I am engaged in an activity; if someone wants to call it an, that's his business, but it's not up to me to decide that. That's all figured out later.' Serra, then, is very much aware of the implications of his work. If Serra is indeed just 'figuring out what lead does' (gravitationally, molecularly, etc.) why should anyone think of it as art? If he doesn't take the responsibility of it being art, who can, or should? His work certainly appears to be empirically verifiable: lead can do and be used for many physical activities. In itself this does anything but lead us into a dialogue about the nature of art. In a sense then he is a primitive. He has no idea about art. How is it then that we know about 'his activity'? Because he has told us it is art by his actions after 'his activity' has taken place. 

That is, by the fact he is with several galleries, puts the physical residue of his activity in museums (and sells them to art collectors-but, as we have pointed out, collectors are irrelevant to the 'condition of art' of a work). That he denies his work is art but plays the artist is more: than just a paradox. Serra secretly feels that 'arthood' is arrived at empirically. Thus, as Ayer has stated: 'There are no absolutely certain empirical propositions. It is only tautologies that are certain. Empirical questions are one and all hypotheses, which may be confirmed or discredited in actual sense-experience. And the propositions in which we record the observations that verify these hypotheses are themselves hypotheses which are subject to the test of further sense-experience. Thus there is no final proposition.'22 

What one finds all throughout the writings of Ad Reinhardt is this very similar thesis of 'art-as-art', and that 'art is always dead, and a "living," art is a deception.23

Reinhardt had a very clear idea about the nature of art, and his 'importance is far from recognized.

Because forms of art that can be considered synthetic propositions arc verifiable by the world, that is to say, to understand these propositions one must leave the tautological-like framework of art and consider 'outside' information. But to consider it as art it is necessary to ignore this same outside information, because outside information (experiential qualities, to note) have their own intrinsic worth. And to comprehend this worth one does not need a state of 'art condition', 

 
From this it is easy to realize that art's viability is not connected to the presentation of visual (or other) kinds of experience. That that may have been one of art's extraneous functions in the preceding centuries is not unlikely. After aU, man in even the nineteenth century lived in a fairly standardized visual environment. That is, it was ordinarily predictable as to what he would be coming into contact with day after day. His visual environment in the part of the world in which he lived was fairly consistent. In our time we have an experientially drastically richer environment. One can fly all over the earth in a matter of hours and days, not months. We have the cinema, and colour television, as well as the man-made spectacle of the lights of Las Vegas or the skyscrapers of New York City. The whole world is there to be seen, and the whole world can watch man walk on the moon from their living rooms. Certainly art or objects of painting and sculpture cannot be expected to compete experientially with this?

The notion of 'use' is relevant to art and its 'language'. Recently the box or cube form has been used a great deal within the context of art. (Take for instance its use by Judd, Morris, LeWitt, Bladen, Smith, Bell, and McCracken - not even mentioning the quantity of boxes and cubes that came after.) The difference between all the various uses of the box or cube form is directly related to the differences in the intentions of the artists. Further, as is particularly seen in Judd's work, the use of the box or cube form illustrates very well our earlier claim that an object is only art when placed in the context of art. 

A few examples will point this OUt. One could say that if one of Judd's box forms was seen filled with debris, seen placed in an industrial setting, or even merely seen setting on a street corner, it would nOt be identified with art. It follows then that understanding and consideration of it as an art work is necessary a priori to viewing it in order to 'see' it as a work of art. Advance information about the concept of art and about an artist's concepts is necessary to the appreciation and understanding of contemporary art. Any and all of the physical attributes (qualities) of contemporary works if considered separately and/or specifically are irrelevant to the art concept. The art concept (as Judd said, though he didn't mean it this way) must DC considered whole. To consider a concept's parts is invariably to consider aspects that are irrelevant to its art condition-or like reading parts of a definition. 

It comes as no surprise that the art with the least fixed morphology is the example from which we decipher the nature of the general term 'art'. For where there is a context existing separately of its morphology and consisting of its function one is more likely to find results less conforming and predictable. It is in modern art's possession of a 'language' with the shortest history that the plausibility of the abandonment of that 'language' becomes most possible. It is understandable then that the art that came out of Western painting and sculpture is the most energetic, questioning (of its nature), and the least assuming of aU the general 'art' concerns. In the final analysis, however, all of the artS have but (in Wittgenstein's terms) a 'family' resemblance. 

Yet the various qualities relatable to an 'art condition' possessed by poetry, the novel, the cinema, the theatre, and various forms of music, etc., is that aspect of them most reliable to the function of art as asserted here. 

Is not the decline of poetry relatable to the implied metaphysics from poetry's use of 'common' language as an art language? 24 In New York the last decadent stages of poetry can be seen in the move by 'Concrete' poets recently toward the use of actual objects and theatre. 25

Can it be that they feel the unreality of their art form? 

'We see now that the axioms of a geometry are simply definitions, and that the theorems of a geometry are simply the logical consequences of these definitions. A geometry is not in itself about physical space; in itself it cannot be said to be "about" anything. But we can use a geometry to reason about physical space. That is to say, once we have given the axioms a physical interpretation, we can proceed to apply the theorems to the objects which satisfy the axioms. Whether a geometry can be applied to the actual physical world or not, is an empirical question which falls outside! the scope of geometry itself. There is no sense, therefore, in asking which of the various geometries known to us are false and which arc true. In so far as they are all free from contradiction, they are all true. The proposition which states that a certain application of a geometry is possible is not itself a proposition of that geometry. All that the geometry itself tells us is that if anything can be brought under the definitions, it will also satisfy the theorems. It is therefore a purely logical system, and its propositions are purely analytic propositions.'-A. J. Ayer. 26

Here then I propose rests the viability of art. In an age when traditional philosophy is unreal because of its assumptions, art's ability to exist will de?end not only on its not performing a service- as entertainment, visual (or other) experience, or decoration-which is something easily replaced by kitsch culture and technology, but rather, it will remain viable by not assuming a philosophical stance; for in art's unique character is the capacity to remain aloof from philosophical judgements. It is in this context that art shares similarities with logic, mathematics and, as well, science. But whereas the other endeavours arc useful, art is not. Art indeed exists for its own sake. 

In this period of man, after philosophy and religion, art may possibly be one endeavour that fulfills what another age might have called 'man's spiritual needs'. Or, another way of putting it might be that art deals analogously with the state of things 'beyond physics' where philosophy had to make assertions. And art's strength is that even the preceding sentence is an assertion and cannot be verified by art. Art's only claim is for art. Art is the definition of art. 

1. Morton White, The Age of Analysis, Mentor Books, New York, p. 14. 
2. Ibid., p. 15. 
3. I mean by this Existentialism and Phenomenology. Even Merleau-Ponty, with his middle-of-the-road position between Empiricism and Rationalism, cannot express his philosophy without the use of words (thus using concepts); and following this, how can one discuss experience without sharp distinctions between ourselves and the world? 
4. Sir James Jeans, Physics and Philosophy, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich., p. 17. 
5. Ibid., p. 190
6. Ibid., p. 190
7.  The task sum philosophy has taken upon itself is the only 'function' it could perform without making philosophic assertions. 
8. This is dealt with in the following section.
9. I would like to make it clear, however, that I intend to speak for no one else. I arrived at these conclusions alone, indeed, it is from this thinking. That my art since 1966 (if not before) evolved. Only recently did I realize after meeting Terry Atkinson that he and and Michael Baldwin share similar, though certainly not identical, opinions to mine.
10. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. 
11. The conceptual level of the work of Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Morris Louis, Ron Davis, Anthony Caro, John Hoyland, Dan Christensen et l. is so dismally low, that any that is there is supplied by the critics promoting it. This is seen later.
12. Mickael Fried's reasons for using Greenberg', rationale reflect his background (and most of the other formalist critics) as a 'scholar', but more of it is due to his desire, I suspect, to bring his scholarly studies into the modern world. One can easily sympathize with his desire to connect, say, Tiepolo with Jules Olitski. One should never forget, however that an historian loves history more than anything, even art. 
13. Lucy R. Lippard uses this quotation in a footnote to Ad Reinhardt', retrospective catalogue, p. 28. 
14. Lucy R. Lippard again, in her Hudson Review review of the last painting exhibition of the Whitney Annual.
15. Four interviews', by Arthur R. Rose, Arts Magazine, Feb. 1969. 
16. As Terry Atkinson pointed out in his introduction to Art-Language (Vol. I , no. 1), the Cubists never questioned if art had morphological characteristics, but which ones in painting were acceptable.
17. When someone 'buys' a Flavin he isn't buying a light show, for if he was he could just go to a hardware store and get the goods for considerably less. He isn't 'buying' anything. He il subsidizing Flavin's activity as an artist.
18. A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic, Dover, New York, P. 78.
19. Ibid., p. 57.
20. Ibid., p. 57.
21. Ibid., p. 90.
22. Ibid., p. 94.
23. Ad Reinhardt's retrospective catalogue (Jewish Museum) written by Lucy Lippard, p. 22.
24. It is poetry's use of common language to attempt to say the unsayable which is problematic, not any inherent problem in the use of language within the context of art.

25. Ironically, many of them call themselves 'Conceptual poets'. Much of this work is very similar to Walter de Maria's work and this is not coincidental; de Maria's work functions as a kind of 'object' poetry, and his intentions are very poetic: he really wants his work to change men's lives. 
26 Op. cit., p. 82.